Lithium bhatiri yakahwina 2019 Nobel Prize muChemistry!

Mubairo we2019 weNobel muChemistry wakapihwa kuna John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, naAkira Yoshino nekuda kwezvipo zvavo mumunda wemabhatiri e lithium.

Ndichitarisa kumashure pa1901-2018 Nobel Prize muChemistry
Muna 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Akawana mitemo yemakemikari kinetics uye osmotic pressure yemhinduro."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Germany): "Shanda mukugadzirwa kweshuga uye purines."

Muna 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Akakurudzira dzidziso yeionization."

Muna 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Vakawana zvinhu zvakanaka zvegasi mumhepo uye vakasarudza nzvimbo yavo mu periodic table yezvinhu."

Muna 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Germany): "Kutsvakurudza pamusoro pedhayi dzehupenyu uye hydrogenated anonhuhwirira makomisheni akakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemakemikari emakemikari uye indasitiri yemakemikari."

Muna 1906, Henry Moissan (France): "Akatsvaga uye akaparadzanisa chinhu chinonzi fluorine, uye akashandisa choto chemagetsi chakatumidzwa zita rake."

1907, Edward Buchner (Germany): "Shanda muBiochemical Research uye Kuwanikwa kweSero-Mahara Kuvirisa."

Muna 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Ongorora nezve shanduko yezvinhu uye radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "Basa rekutsvakurudza nezve catalysis uye nheyo dzekutanga dzemakemikari equilibrium uye makemikari reaction rate."

Muna 1910, Otto Wallach (Germany): "Basa rokupayona mumunda wealicyclic compounds rakakurudzira kukura kwemakemikari emakemikari uye indasitiri yemakemikari."

Muna 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "akawana zvinhu zve radium nepolonium, radhiyamu yakacheneswa uye akadzidza zvimiro zvechinhu ichi chinoshamisa uye makomisheni ayo."

Muna 1912, Victor Grignard (France): "Akagadzira Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (France): "Akagadzira nzira yehydrogenation yezvakagadzirwa zvehupenyu pamberi pehupfu hwesimbi."

Muna 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Chidzidzo chekubatana kweatomu mumamorekuru, kunyanya mumunda wemakemikari emakemikari."

Muna 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Kutsunga kwakarurama kwehuremu hweatomu hwehuwandu hwemakemikari."

Muna 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Germany): "Kudzidza kwemavara emiti, kunyanya kuongorora chlorophyll."

Muna 1916, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1917, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1918, Fritz Haber Germany "tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweammonia kubva kune zvinhu zviri nyore."

Muna 1919, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

1920, Walter Nernst (Germany): "Chidzidzo che thermochemistry."

Muna 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Mupiro mukunzwisisa kwevanhu kwemakemikari ezvigadzirwa zveradioactive, uye kudzidza kwezvakatangira uye zvinhu zve isotopes."

Muna 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Nhamba huru ye isotopes yezvinhu zvisiri-radioactive yakawanikwa pachishandiswa mass spectrometer, uye mutemo weinteger wakajekeswa."

Muna 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Akagadzira microanalysis nzira ye organic compounds."

Muna 1924, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Germany): "Akajekesa maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa kwecolloidal uye akagadzira nzira dzekuongorora dzakabatana."

Muna 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Kudzidza pamusoro decentralized hurongwa."

Muna 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany): "Ongorora pamusoro pechimiro che bile acid uye zvinhu zvine hukama."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Germany): "Dzidza pamusoro pechimiro che steroid uye ukama hwavo nemavhitamini."

Muna 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Germany): "Zvidzidzo pamusoro pekuviriswa kweshuga uye ma enzymes ekuvirisa."

1930, Hans Fischer (Germany): "Kudzidza kwekuumbwa kweheme uye chlorophyll, kunyanya kuongorora kwekugadzirwa kweheme."

Muna 1931, Karl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany): "Kutanga nekuvandudza teknolojia yemakemikari yepamusoro."

Muna 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Ongororo uye Kuwanikwa kweSurface Chemistry."

Muna 1933, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (United States): "akawana heavy hydrogen."

Muna 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Synthesized new radioactive elements."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Kunzwisisa chimiro chemolecular kuburikidza nekudzidza kwenguva dze dipole uye kuparadzaniswa kwe-X-rays uye maerekitironi mumagasi."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Ongororo pamusoro peCarbohydrates uye Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Ongorora nezve carotenoids, flavin, vhitamini A uye vhitamini B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany): "Ongorora nezve carotenoids uye mavitamini."

Muna 1939, Adolf Butnant (Germany): "Tsvaga nezvehomoni dzepabonde";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Tsvaga nezve polymethylene uye yakakwirira terpenes."

Muna 1940, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1941, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1942, hapana mibairo yakapiwa.

Muna 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Isotopes inoshandiswa sevatevedzeri mukudzidza kwemakemikari maitiro."

Muna 1944, Otto Hahn (Germany): "Ziva kuparara kwenyukireya inorema."

Muna 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Tsvakurudzo uye kugadzirwa kwekurima uye kudya kwemakemikari, kunyanya nzira yekuchengetedza zvokudya."

Muna 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "Zvakaonekwa kuti ma enzymes anogona kuvezwa";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Akagadzirira ma enzymes epamusoro-soro uye mapuroteni ehutachiona."

Muna 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Ongororo pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa zvakakosha biological kukosha, kunyanya alkaloids."

Muna 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Ongororo pamusoro pe electrophoresis uye adsorption analysis, kunyanya pamhando yakaoma yemapuroteni e serum."

Muna 1949, William Geok (United States): "Mipiro mumunda wemakemikari thermodynamics, kunyanya kuongorora zvinhu pasi pe-ultra-low tembiricha."

Muna 1950, Otto Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany): "akawana uye akagadzira nzira ye diene synthesis."

Muna 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "akawana transuranic elements."

Muna 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Akagadzira chikamu chekuparadzanisa chromatography."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Ongororo yakawanikwa mumunda wepolymer chemistry."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Kudzidza kwezvinhu zvemakemikari bond uye kushandiswa kwayo mukutsanangurwa kwechimiro chezvinhu zvakaoma."

Muna 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Tsvaga nezvesarufa-ine makomisheni ekukosha kwebiochemical, kunyanya kuumbwa kwehomoni peptide kekutanga."

Muna 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) naNikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Ongororo pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emakemikari."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Inoshanda mukudzidza nucleotides uye nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Chidzidzo cheprotein chimiro uye kuumbwa, kunyanya kudzidza insulin."

Muna 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "akawana uye akagadzira nzira yekuongorora polarographic."

Muna 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Akagadzira nzira yekufambidzana nekabhoni 14 isotope, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchera matongo, geology, geophysics, uye mamwe maitiro."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Ongororo yekutorwa kwecarbon dioxide nemiti."

Muna 1962, Max Perutz UK naJohn Kendrew UK "tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweprotein spherical."

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Ongororo yakawanikwa mumunda wepolymer chemistry uye tekinoroji."

Muna 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Kushandisa tekinoroji yeX-ray kuongorora chimiro chezvimwe zvakakosha biochemical zvinhu."

Muna 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Kubudirira Kwakajeka muOrganic Synthesis."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Basic tsvagiridzo yemakemikari bond uye chimiro chemagetsi chemamorekuru achishandisa nzira yemamolecular orbital."

Muna 1967, Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Kushandisa simba shoma shoma kuti rienzanise maitiro Nzira yekuvhiringidza, chidzidzo chekukurumidza kwemakemikari."

Muna 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "akawana hukama hwehukama hwakatumidzwa zita rake, achiisa hwaro hweiyo thermodynamics yemaitiro asingadzoreki."

Muna 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Yakagadzira pfungwa yekuenderana uye kushandiswa kwayo mumakemikari."

Muna 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "akawana nucleotides yeshuga uye basa ravo mu biosynthesis yemakhahydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Ongorora pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye geometry yemamorekuru, kunyanya mahara radicals."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Ongororo pamusoro peribonuclease, kunyanya kuongorora hukama pakati pekutevedzana kweamino acid uye biologically active conformation";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "Ongorora pamusoro pehukama huri pakati pekuita kwekuita kwenzvimbo inoshanda yeribonuclease molecule uye chimiro chayo chemakemikari."

Muna 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) naJeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Kupayona tsvakurudzo pamusoro pemakemikari emhando yesimbi-organic compounds, inozivikanwawo sesandwich compounds."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Basic research padzidziso uye kuedza kwepolymer physical chemistry."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Dzidza nezve stereochemistry ye enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Kudzidza nezve stereochemistry yema organic molecules uye maitiro";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "Kuongorora kwechimiro cheborane kwakatsanangura dambudziko rekubatana kwemakemikari."

Muna 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Mupiro kune-non-equilibrium thermodynamics, kunyanya dzidziso yekuparara kwemaitiro."

Muna 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Kushandisa theoretical formula yemakemikari permeation kuti abatsire kunzwisisa kwehupenyu hwekuchinja simba."

Muna 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) naGeorg Wittig (West Germany): "Yakagadzirwa boron-ine uye phosphorus-ine makomisheni seakakosha reagents muorganic synthesis, zvichiteerana."

Muna 1980, Paul Berg (United States): "Kudzidza kwebiochemistry ye nucleic acids, kunyanya kuongorora DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Nzira dzekuona DNA Base Sequences muNucleic Acids."

Muna 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) naRod Hoffman (USA): "Tsanangurai kuitika kwekuchinja kwemakemikari kuburikidza nekuzvimiririra kwavo kwezvidzidzo."

Muna 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Akagadzira crystal electron microscopy uye akadzidza maitiro e nucleic acid-protein complexes ane zvakakosha biological kukosha."

Muna 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Ongorora pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emagetsi ekufambisa maitiro kunyanya mumatare ematare."

Muna 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Yakagadzira nzira yakasimba-chikamu chemakemikari synthesis."

Muna 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Kubudirira kunoshamisa mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro akananga ekuona chimiro chekristaro."

Muna 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Mipiro yekudzidza kwekinetic maitiro ekutanga maitiro emakemikari."

Muna 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Mamorekuru akagadzirwa uye akashandiswa anokwanisa kusarudza zvakanyanya kurongeka-chaiwo kudyidzana."

Muna 1988, John Dysenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany): "Kutsunga kwemaitiro matatu-dimensional enzvimbo yephotosynthetic reaction."

Muna 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "akawana catalytic properties yeRNA."

Muna 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Akagadzira dzidziso uye nzira yekugadzira organic synthesis."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Mupiro wekuvandudzwa kwepamusoro-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nzira dzekuona."

Muna 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Mipiro kune dzidziso ye electron transfer reactions mumakemikari systems."

Muna 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Yakagadziridzwa DNA-yakavakirwa makemikari nzira dzekutsvaga uye yakagadzira iyo polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Canada): "Yakagadzirwa nzira dzeDNA-based research research, uye yakabatsira pakugadzwa kwe oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis uye mupiro wayo unokosha pakuvandudzwa kweprotein research."

Muna 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Mipiro yekutsvakurudza kwemakemikari emakemikari."

Muna 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Ongororo pamusoro pemakemikari emuchadenga, kunyanya tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekugadzirwa nekuparara kwe ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Discover fullerene."

Muna 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Akajekesa iyo enzymatic catalytic mechanism mukugadzirwa kweadenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Muna 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "yakatangwa density functional theory";

John Pope (UK): Yakagadziridzwa nzira dzemakomputa muhuwandu hwemakemikari.

Muna 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Egypt): "Ongorora nezve shanduko yekuchinja kwemakemikari maitiro uchishandisa femtosecond spectroscopy."

Muna 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "akawana uye akagadzira conductive polima."

Muna 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) naNoyori Ryoji (Japan): "Ongororo yeChiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Kudzidza nezveChiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Muna 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) naKoichi Tanaka (Japan): "Nzira dzakagadzirwa dzekuziva uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa zvehupenyu macromolecules, uye yakagadzira nzira yakapfava yeionization yehuwandu hwekuongorora macromolecules ehupenyu" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Yakagadziridzwa nzira dzekuziva uye ongororo yezvimiro zvebiological macromolecules, uye yakamisa nzira yekuongorora matatu-dimensional chimiro chebiological macromolecules mumhinduro nekushandisa nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."

Muna 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Kudzidza kwemaion channels mumasero membranes akawana nzira dzemvura";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Kuongorora kweion chiteshi mumasero membranes, kudzidza kweion chiteshi chimiro uye michina."

Muna 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "akawana ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation."

Muna 2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Yakagadzira nzira yemetathesis mune organic synthesis."

Muna 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Ongorora pamusoro pema molecular eukaryotic transcription."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Germany): "Ongorora nezvemakemikari maitiro enzvimbo dzakasimba."

Muna 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Yakawanikwa uye yakagadziridzwa green fluorescent protein (GFP)."

Muna 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Ongorora pamusoro pemaitiro uye basa re ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Ongororo yePalladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction muOrganic Synthesis."

Muna 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "Kuwanikwa kwequasicrystals."

Muna 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Ongorora pamusoro peG protein-coupled receptors."

Muna 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Yakagadzirwa akawanda-scale modhi yeakaoma makemikari masisitimu.

Muna 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Zvakabudirira mumunda we super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Muna 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Tsvakurudzo pamusoro pemaserura ekugadzirisa DNA.

Muna 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Dhizaini uye synthesis yemamorekuru michina.

Muna 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Germany), Richard Henderson (UK): akagadzira cryo-electron microscopes ye-high-resolution structure kutsunga kwebiomolecules mumhinduro.

Hafu yemitambo ye2018 yakapiwa musayendisiti weAmerica Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) mukucherechedza kwake kwekuziva kwekushanduka kwakatungamirirwa kwema enzymes; imwe hafu yakapiwa masayendisiti eAmerica (George P. Smith) uye musayendisiti weBritish Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) mukuzivikanwa Vakaziva tekinoroji yekuratidzira phage yemapeptides uye masoja ekudzivirira chirwere.